4. Columns:
Vertical compression members transfer the superimposed load from, the beams/roof to the foundation, based upon the material of the construction. The columns may be classified as brick, RCC, PCC. The columns also classified on the basis of their shape such as square or rectangular and circular Etc.
5. Floors:
In two different levels to create more accommodation on the given plan of the land. The floor immediately above the ground level is called as ground floor and the floor above the book is called the upper floor or first floor. The floor below the ground floor is called as lower ground floor or basement the function of the floor is to give a firm rigid, dry, and even platform for the occupants of a building and for the furniture fixture and equipment.
The floor consists of the following two basic parts;
The subfloor is the structural part that provides the strength and stability to support the superimposed load. the second part of the flooring is a layer provided as per desired specification suitable for the floor finish.
6. Sills, lintels, and sheds:
They are provided between the bottom of Windows and top of walls below in which Window is provided the lintels are provided above any kind of opening in walls such as Windows, doors, and ventilators. Lintels support the weight of a wall above the opening.
7. Sheds:
But the shutters are generally made up of transparent material like a glass of numbers of windows and ventilators are calculated as per the requirement of a particular type of building and the size of rooms. Sunshades are limited to protect the door Windows ventilators from rain, sun, frost, and wind.it is made up of glass, fiberglass, and steel sheets.
8. Doors:
Doors are necessary for a building to permit free movement i.e. inside and outside of a building. It is an open-able component that is fitted into an opening in the wall. It has two parts i.e. a door frame and frame shutter.
9. Door frame:
The door frame is fixed to the wall and shutters are movable. Doors are made of many materials like wood, plastic (PVC) aluminum, etc. The windows and ventilators are provided in the building for daylight, vision, and ventilation just like doors. Windows also have a frame and shutters the frame may be made up of any material like wood, steel, aluminum, etc.
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10. Building finishes:
Building finishes are used to give a cosmetic and decorative Touch to the building. They also provide a protective covering to the surface of a building, against the adverse effect of weather. Building finishes include the following items;
Plastering:
Pointing:
Whitewashing, Varnishing, Polishing, Painting, and Distempering Etc:
Plastering is done on walls, columns, and other surfaces by providing a thin layer of plaster made up of materials like cement, sand and lime Etc. Pointing is done to finish the mortar joints in bricks or stone masonry. Varnishing and polishing are done on doors, windows, shelves and all wouldn't steal items for durability. Whitewashing, color washing, and distempering are done to protect the surfaces against the weather and give a beautiful appearance.
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